首先,引入spring-cloud-starter-zuul之后会间接引入:

hystrix依赖已经引入,那么何种情况下使用hystrix呢?

在Zuul的自动配置类ZuulServerAutoConfigurationZuulProxyAutoConfiguration中总共会向Spring容器注入3个Zuul的RouteFilter,分别是

  • SimpleHostRoutingFilter

    简单路由,通过HttpClient向预定的URL发送请求

    生效条件:

    RequestContext.getCurrentContext().getRouteHost() != null
    ​ && RequestContext.getCurrentContext().sendZuulResponse()

    1、RequestContext中的routeHost不为空,routeHost就是URL,即使用URL直连

    2、RequestContext中的sendZuulResponse为true,即是否将response发送给客户端,默认为true

  • RibbonRoutingFilter

    使用Ribbon、Hystrix和可插入的http客户端发送请求

    生效条件:

    (RequestContext.getRouteHost() == null && RequestContext.get(SERVICE_ID_KEY) != null
    ​ && RequestContext.sendZuulResponse())

    1、RequestContext中的routeHost为空,即URL为空

    2、RequestContext中的serviceId不为空

    3、RequestContext中的sendZuulResponse为true,即是否将response发送给客户端,默认为true

  • SendForwardFilter

    forward到本地URL

    生效条件:

    RequestContext.containsKey(FORWARD_TO_KEY)
    ​ && !RequestContext.getBoolean(SEND_FORWARD_FILTER_RAN, false)

    1、RequestContext中包含FORWARD_TO_KEY,即URL使用 forward: 映射

    2、RequestContext中SEND_FORWARD_FILTER_RAN为false,SEND_FORWARD_FILTER_RAN意为“send forward是否运行过了”,在SendForwardFilter#run()时会ctx.set(SEND_FORWARD_FILTER_RAN, true)

综上所述,在使用serviceId映射的方法路由转发的时候,会使用Ribbon+Hystrix

而哪种路由配置方式是“URL映射”,哪种配置方式又是“serviceId映射”呢?

Zuul有一个前置过滤器PreDecorationFilter用于通过RouteLocator路由定位器决定在何时以何种方式路由转发

RouteLocator是用于通过请求地址匹配到Route路由的,之后PreDecorationFilter再通过Route信息设置RequestContext上下文,决定后续使用哪个RouteFilter做路由转发

所以就引出以下问题:

  • 什么是Route
  • RouteLocator路由定位器如何根据请求路径匹配路由
  • 匹配到路由后,PreDecorationFilter如何设置RequestContext请求上下文

什么是Route

我总共见到两个和Route相关的类

ZuulProperties.ZuulRoute,用于和zuul配置文件关联,保存相关信息

org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.filters.Route, RouteLocator找到的路由信息就是这个类,用于路由转发

public static class ZuulRoute {
    private String id;    //ZuulRoute的id
    private String path;  //路由的pattern,如 /foo/**
    private String serviceId;  //要映射到此路由的服务id
    private String url;   //要映射到路由的完整物理URL
    private boolean stripPrefix = true;  //用于确定在转发之前是否应剥离此路由前缀的标志位
    private Boolean retryable;  //此路由是否可以重试,通常重试需要serviceId和ribbon
    private Set<String> sensitiveHeaders = new LinkedHashSet(); //不会传递给下游请求的敏感标头列表
    private boolean customSensitiveHeaders = false; //是否自定义了敏感头列表
}
public class Route {
    private String id;
    private String fullPath;
    private String path;
    private String location;  //可能是 url 或 serviceId
    private String prefix;
    private Boolean retryable;
    private Set<String> sensitiveHeaders = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    private boolean customSensitiveHeaders;
}

可以看到org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.filters.RouteZuulProperties.ZuulRoute基本一致,只是Route用于路由转发定位的属性location根据不同的情况,可能是一个具体的URL,可能是一个serviceId

RouteLocator路由定位器如何根据请求路径匹配路由

Zuul在自动配置加载时注入了2个RouteLocator

  • CompositeRouteLocator: 组合的RouteLocator,在getMatchingRoute()时会依次调用其它的RouteLocator,先找到先返回;CompositeRouteLocator的routeLocators集合中只有DiscoveryClientRouteLocator
  • DiscoveryClientRouteLocator: 可以将静态的、已配置的路由与来自DiscoveryClient服务发现的路由组合在一起,来自DiscoveryClient的路由优先;SimpleRouteLocator的子类(SimpleRouteLocator 基于加载到ZuulProperties中的配置定位Route路由信息)

其中CompositeRouteLocator是 @Primary 的,它是组合多个RouteLocator的Locator,其getMatchingRoute()方法会分别调用其它所有RouteLocator的getMatchingRoute()方法,通过请求路径匹配路由信息,只要匹配到了就马上返回

默认CompositeRouteLocator混合路由定位器的routeLocators只有一个DiscoveryClientRouteLocator,故只需分析DiscoveryClientRouteLocator#getMatchingRoute(path)

//----------DiscoveryClientRouteLocator是SimpleRouteLocator子类,其实是调用的SimpleRouteLocator##getMatchingRoute(path)
@Override
public Route getMatchingRoute(final String path) {
    return getSimpleMatchingRoute(path);
}

protected Route getSimpleMatchingRoute(final String path) {
    if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
        log.debug("Finding route for path: " + path);
    }

    // routes是保存路由信息的map,如果此时还未加载,调用locateRoutes()
    if (this.routes.get() == null) {
        this.routes.set(locateRoutes());
    }

    if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
        log.debug("servletPath=" + this.dispatcherServletPath);
        log.debug("zuulServletPath=" + this.zuulServletPath);
        log.debug("RequestUtils.isDispatcherServletRequest()="
                + RequestUtils.isDispatcherServletRequest());
        log.debug("RequestUtils.isZuulServletRequest()="
                + RequestUtils.isZuulServletRequest());
    }

    /**
     * 下面的方法主要是先对path做微调
     * 再根据path到routes中匹配到ZuulRoute
     * 最后根据 ZuulRoute 和 adjustedPath 生成 Route
     */
    String adjustedPath = adjustPath(path);

    ZuulRoute route = getZuulRoute(adjustedPath);

    return getRoute(route, adjustedPath);
}

下面我们来看看locateRoutes()是如何加载静态的、已配置的路由与来自DiscoveryClient服务发现的路由的

//----------DiscoveryClientRouteLocator#locateRoutes()  服务发现路由定位器的locateRoutes()
@Override
protected LinkedHashMap<String, ZuulRoute> locateRoutes() {
    //保存ZuulRoute的LinkedHashMap
    LinkedHashMap<String, ZuulRoute> routesMap = new LinkedHashMap<String, ZuulRoute>();
    
    //调用父类SimpleRouteLocator#locateRoutes()
    //加载ZuulProperties中的所有配置文件中的路由信息
    routesMap.putAll(super.locateRoutes());
    
    //如果服务发现客户端discovery存在
    if (this.discovery != null) {
        //将routesMap已经存在的配置文件中的ZuulRoute放入staticServices<serviceId, ZuulRoute>
        Map<String, ZuulRoute> staticServices = new LinkedHashMap<String, ZuulRoute>();
        for (ZuulRoute route : routesMap.values()) {
            String serviceId = route.getServiceId();
            
            //如果serviceId为null,以id作为serviceId,此情况适合 zuul.routes.xxxx=/xxxx/** 的情况
            if (serviceId == null) {
                serviceId = route.getId();
            }
            if (serviceId != null) {
                staticServices.put(serviceId, route);
            }
        }
        
        
        // Add routes for discovery services by default
        List<String> services = this.discovery.getServices(); //到注册中心找到所有service
        String[] ignored = this.properties.getIgnoredServices()
                .toArray(new String[0]);
        
        //遍历services
        for (String serviceId : services) {
            // Ignore specifically ignored services and those that were manually
            // configured
            String key = "/" + mapRouteToService(serviceId) + "/**";
            
            //如果注册中心的serviceId在staticServices集合中,并且此路由没有配置URL
            //那么,更新路由的location为serviceId
            if (staticServices.containsKey(serviceId)
                    && staticServices.get(serviceId).getUrl() == null) {
                // Explicitly configured with no URL, cannot be ignored
                // all static routes are already in routesMap
                // Update location using serviceId if location is null
                ZuulRoute staticRoute = staticServices.get(serviceId);
                if (!StringUtils.hasText(staticRoute.getLocation())) {
                    staticRoute.setLocation(serviceId);
                }
            }
            
            //如果注册中心的serviceId不在忽略范围内,且routesMap中还没有包含,添加到routesMap
            if (!PatternMatchUtils.simpleMatch(ignored, serviceId)
                    && !routesMap.containsKey(key)) {
                // Not ignored
                routesMap.put(key, new ZuulRoute(key, serviceId));
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 如果routesMap中有 /** 的默认路由配置
    if (routesMap.get(DEFAULT_ROUTE) != null) {
        ZuulRoute defaultRoute = routesMap.get(DEFAULT_ROUTE);
        // Move the defaultServiceId to the end
        routesMap.remove(DEFAULT_ROUTE);
        routesMap.put(DEFAULT_ROUTE, defaultRoute);
    }
    
    //将routesMap中的数据微调后,放到values<String, ZuulRoute>,返回
    LinkedHashMap<String, ZuulRoute> values = new LinkedHashMap<>();
    for (Entry<String, ZuulRoute> entry : routesMap.entrySet()) {
        String path = entry.getKey();
        // Prepend with slash if not already present.
        if (!path.startsWith("/")) {
            path = "/" + path;
        }
        if (StringUtils.hasText(this.properties.getPrefix())) {
            path = this.properties.getPrefix() + path;
            if (!path.startsWith("/")) {
                path = "/" + path;
            }
        }
        values.put(path, entry.getValue());
    }
    
    return values;
}

此方法运行后就已经加载了配置文件中所有路由信息,以及注册中心中的服务路由信息,有的通过URL路由,有的通过serviceId路由

只需根据本次请求的requestURI与 路由的pattern匹配找到对应的路由

匹配到路由后,PreDecorationFilter如何设置RequestContext请求上下文

//----------PreDecorationFilter前置过滤器
@Override
public Object run() {
    RequestContext ctx = RequestContext.getCurrentContext();
    final String requestURI = this.urlPathHelper.getPathWithinApplication(ctx.getRequest());
    Route route = this.routeLocator.getMatchingRoute(requestURI); //找到匹配的路由
    //----------------到上面为止是已经分析过的,根据requestURI找到匹配的Route信息
    
    // ==== 匹配到路由信息
    if (route != null) {
        String location = route.getLocation();
        if (location != null) {
            ctx.put(REQUEST_URI_KEY, route.getPath());//RequestContext设置 requestURI:路由的pattern路径
            ctx.put(PROXY_KEY, route.getId());//RequestContext设置 proxy:路由id
            
            //设置需要忽略的敏感头信息,要么用全局默认的,要么用路由自定义的
            if (!route.isCustomSensitiveHeaders()) {
                this.proxyRequestHelper
                        .addIgnoredHeaders(this.properties.getSensitiveHeaders().toArray(new String[0]));
            }
            else {
                this.proxyRequestHelper.addIgnoredHeaders(route.getSensitiveHeaders().toArray(new String[0]));
            }

            //设置重试信息
            if (route.getRetryable() != null) {
                ctx.put(RETRYABLE_KEY, route.getRetryable());
            }

            //如果location是 http/https开头的,RequestContext设置 routeHost:URL
            //如果location是 forward:开头的,RequestContext设置 forward信息、routeHost:null
            //其它 RequestContext设置 serviceId、routeHost:null、X-Zuul-ServiceId
            if (location.startsWith(HTTP_SCHEME+":") || location.startsWith(HTTPS_SCHEME+":")) {
                ctx.setRouteHost(getUrl(location));
                ctx.addOriginResponseHeader(SERVICE_HEADER, location);
            }
            else if (location.startsWith(FORWARD_LOCATION_PREFIX)) {
                ctx.set(FORWARD_TO_KEY,
                        StringUtils.cleanPath(location.substring(FORWARD_LOCATION_PREFIX.length()) + route.getPath()));
                ctx.setRouteHost(null);
                return null;
            }
            else {
                // set serviceId for use in filters.route.RibbonRequest
                ctx.set(SERVICE_ID_KEY, location);
                ctx.setRouteHost(null);
                ctx.addOriginResponseHeader(SERVICE_ID_HEADER, location);
            }
            
            //是否添加代理头信息 X-Forwarded-For
            if (this.properties.isAddProxyHeaders()) {
                addProxyHeaders(ctx, route);
                String xforwardedfor = ctx.getRequest().getHeader(X_FORWARDED_FOR_HEADER);
                String remoteAddr = ctx.getRequest().getRemoteAddr();
                if (xforwardedfor == null) {
                    xforwardedfor = remoteAddr;
                }
                else if (!xforwardedfor.contains(remoteAddr)) { // Prevent duplicates
                    xforwardedfor += ", " + remoteAddr;
                }
                ctx.addZuulRequestHeader(X_FORWARDED_FOR_HEADER, xforwardedfor);
            }
            
            //是否添加Host头信息
            if (this.properties.isAddHostHeader()) {
                ctx.addZuulRequestHeader(HttpHeaders.HOST, toHostHeader(ctx.getRequest()));
            }
        }
    }
    // ==== 没有匹配到路由信息
    else {
        log.warn("No route found for uri: " + requestURI);

        String fallBackUri = requestURI;
        String fallbackPrefix = this.dispatcherServletPath; // default fallback
                                                            // servlet is
                                                            // DispatcherServlet

        if (RequestUtils.isZuulServletRequest()) {
            // remove the Zuul servletPath from the requestUri
            log.debug("zuulServletPath=" + this.properties.getServletPath());
            fallBackUri = fallBackUri.replaceFirst(this.properties.getServletPath(), "");
            log.debug("Replaced Zuul servlet path:" + fallBackUri);
        }
        else {
            // remove the DispatcherServlet servletPath from the requestUri
            log.debug("dispatcherServletPath=" + this.dispatcherServletPath);
            fallBackUri = fallBackUri.replaceFirst(this.dispatcherServletPath, "");
            log.debug("Replaced DispatcherServlet servlet path:" + fallBackUri);
        }
        if (!fallBackUri.startsWith("/")) {
            fallBackUri = "/" + fallBackUri;
        }
        String forwardURI = fallbackPrefix + fallBackUri;
        forwardURI = forwardURI.replaceAll("//", "/");
        ctx.set(FORWARD_TO_KEY, forwardURI);
    }
    return null;
}

总结:

  • 只要引入了spring-cloud-starter-zuul就会间接引入Ribbon、Hystrix
  • 路由信息可能是从配置文件中加载的,也可能是通过DiscoveryClient从注册中心加载的
  • zuul是通过前置过滤器PreDecorationFilter找到与当前requestURI匹配的路由信息,并在RequestContext中设置相关属性的,后续的Route Filter会根据RequestContext中的这些属性判断如何路由转发
  • Route Filter主要使用 SimpleHostRoutingFilter 和 RibbonRoutingFilter
  • 当RequestContext请求上下文中存在routeHost,即URL直连信息时,使用SimpleHostRoutingFilter简单Host路由
  • 当RequestContext请求上下文中存在serviceId,即服务id时(可能会与注册中心关联获取服务列表,或者读取配置文件中serviceId.ribbon.listOfServers的服务列表),使用RibbonRoutingFilter,会使用Ribbon、Hystrix

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