考研英语–谓语动词（7）

               动词是表示动作或状态的词，有时态、语态、语气、数的语法范畴。

一、动词的分类和变形
               从不同角度划分，动词可以分为:    及物 vs. 不及物;  实意动词 vs. 助动词; 系动 词;

                                                                    限定动词 vs. 非限定动词;谓语动词 vs. 非谓语动词。

           a   助动词
                       助动词无实际意义;不单独做谓语;帮助构成时态、语态、语气、否定、疑问;后 面的实意动词为非限定形式(不再受主语的控制)。
                           

                               表示时态的助动词:be, have, shall, will

                               表示语态的助动词:be
                               表示语气的助动词:should, would,

            b   情态助动词:can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), have to…情态助动词只有情态含义，表明说话人对动作的观点，例如需要、可能、意愿、 怀疑等。不单独作谓语，后接动词原形。(情态动词有不少特殊考点，参见视频)
 大部分无人称变化，只有少部分，can, will, have to, be to 有过去式;
 只有 have to do 有三单和将来时;
 大部分有多个含义，如 can, may 等;
把下列句子变为否定、疑问:
I loved you.
I have finished the homework.
The theater is far away from here.
I can remember every word he said.
2. 动词的形态 动词有原形、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词、现在分词五种形式。其中，大部
分过去式和过去分词形式相同。
1 动词三单:
 一般加 s:works, seems, follows;
 以 s, sh, ch, x, z 等结尾的词加 es: pass, push, buzz, mix, catch;  辅音加 y 结尾，变为 ies:carry, try
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2 动词过去式:(不规则变化详见附录)
 一般加 ed:help, stay, want
 以不发音的 e 结尾，加 d:hope, like
 重读闭音节，双写加 ed:shop, plan, clap, refer, admit 3 动词的 ing:
 一般加 ing:going, doing
 以不发音的 e 结尾，去 e 加 ing:time, realize, make  重读闭音节结尾，双写加 ing:sit, begin, run 二、动词的语法范畴
1. 时态
请按照视频把 16 种时态的含义、形态、例句自己总结默写一遍! 2. 语态
汉语多主动，英文多被动。英文被动由 be (get) + done 构成。 主动变被动:o——s;v——be done;by + 原主语
The manager signed the papers. — The papers were signed by the manager. 有时 by 不表示动作发出者，而是表示原因、方式:
A tree is known by its fruit.
He is paid by the day.
3. 语气 英文语气有陈述、疑问、感叹、虚拟等。但是考查的重点难点仅在于虚拟语气。虚
拟语气用在谈及非真实事件，表明愿望、命令、建议等情况下。
 原形虚:主句表示建议、命令、要求等，从句为 sb. (should) do sth.
I insist that you (should) take the money.
My suggestion is that we (should) keep an eye on him.
动词时态
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
现在
do/does
am/is/are doing
have/has done
have/has been doing
过去
did
was/were doing
had done
had been doing
将来
shall/will do
will be doing
will have done
will have been doing
过去将来
should/would do
would be doing
would have done
would have been doing
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 过去虚:状语从句中，时态比真实时间向前推一格 If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
If I had studied harder, I would have passed.
 倒装虚:部分倒装(助动词提前)可表示虚拟，少数情况可以完全倒装 Were I you, I wouldn’t do that.
Were I to do it, I would do it in a different way.
Had I studied harder, I would have passed.
 含蓄条件虚:状语从句中，时态比真实时间向前推一格 Without you, I would not have achieved anything.