#define ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_KEYS_PER_LOOP 20 /* Keys for each DB loop. */
#define ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_FAST_DURATION 1000 /* Microseconds. */
#define ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_SLOW_TIME_PERC 25 /* Max % of CPU to use. */
#define ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_ACCEPTABLE_STALE 10 /* % of stale keys after which
                                                   we do extra efforts. */

void activeExpireCycle(int type) {
    /* Adjust the running parameters according to the configured expire
     * effort. The default effort is 1, and the maximum configurable effort
     * is 10. */
    unsigned long
    effort = server.active_expire_effort-1, /* Rescale from 0 to 9. */
    config_keys_per_loop = ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_KEYS_PER_LOOP +
                           ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_KEYS_PER_LOOP/4*effort,
    config_cycle_fast_duration = ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_FAST_DURATION +
                                 ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_FAST_DURATION/4*effort,
    config_cycle_slow_time_perc = ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_SLOW_TIME_PERC +
                                  2*effort,
    config_cycle_acceptable_stale = ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_ACCEPTABLE_STALE-
                                    effort;

    /* This function has some global state in order to continue the work
     * incrementally across calls. */
    static unsigned int current_db = 0; /* Last DB tested. */
    static int timelimit_exit = 0;      /* Time limit hit in previous call? */
    static long long last_fast_cycle = 0; /* When last fast cycle ran. */

    int j, iteration = 0;
    int dbs_per_call = CRON_DBS_PER_CALL;
    long long start = ustime(), timelimit, elapsed;

    /* When clients are paused the dataset should be static not just from the
     * POV of clients not being able to write, but also from the POV of
     * expires and evictions of keys not being performed. */
    if (clientsArePaused()) return;

    if (type == ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_FAST) {
        /* Don't start a fast cycle if the previous cycle did not exit
         * for time limit, unless the percentage of estimated stale keys is
         * too high. Also never repeat a fast cycle for the same period
         * as the fast cycle total duration itself. */
        if (!timelimit_exit &&
            server.stat_expired_stale_perc < config_cycle_acceptable_stale)
            return;

        if (start < last_fast_cycle + (long long)config_cycle_fast_duration*2)
            return;

        last_fast_cycle = start;
    }

    /* We usually should test CRON_DBS_PER_CALL per iteration, with
     * two exceptions:
     *
     * 1) Don't test more DBs than we have.
     * 2) If last time we hit the time limit, we want to scan all DBs
     * in this iteration, as there is work to do in some DB and we don't want
     * expired keys to use memory for too much time. */
    if (dbs_per_call > server.dbnum || timelimit_exit)
        dbs_per_call = server.dbnum;

    /* We can use at max 'config_cycle_slow_time_perc' percentage of CPU
     * time per iteration. Since this function gets called with a frequency of
     * server.hz times per second, the following is the max amount of
     * microseconds we can spend in this function. */
    timelimit = config_cycle_slow_time_perc*1000000/server.hz/100;
    timelimit_exit = 0;
    if (timelimit <= 0) timelimit = 1;

    if (type == ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_FAST)
        timelimit = config_cycle_fast_duration; /* in microseconds. */

    /* Accumulate some global stats as we expire keys, to have some idea
     * about the number of keys that are already logically expired, but still
     * existing inside the database. */
    long total_sampled = 0;
    long total_expired = 0;

    for (j = 0; j < dbs_per_call && timelimit_exit == 0; j++) {
        /* Expired and checked in a single loop. */
        unsigned long expired, sampled;

        redisDb *db = server.db+(current_db % server.dbnum);

        /* Increment the DB now so we are sure if we run out of time
         * in the current DB we'll restart from the next. This allows to
         * distribute the time evenly across DBs. */
        current_db++;

        /* Continue to expire if at the end of the cycle more than 25%
         * of the keys were expired. */
        do {
            unsigned long num, slots;
            long long now, ttl_sum;
            int ttl_samples;
            iteration++;

            /* If there is nothing to expire try next DB ASAP. */
            if ((num = dictSize(db->expires)) == 0) {
                db->avg_ttl = 0;
                break;
            }
            slots = dictSlots(db->expires);
            now = mstime();

            /* When there are less than 1% filled slots, sampling the key
             * space is expensive, so stop here waiting for better times...
             * The dictionary will be resized asap. */
            if (num && slots > DICT_HT_INITIAL_SIZE &&
                (num*100/slots < 1)) break;

            /* The main collection cycle. Sample random keys among keys
             * with an expire set, checking for expired ones. */
            expired = 0;
            sampled = 0;
            ttl_sum = 0;
            ttl_samples = 0;

            if (num > config_keys_per_loop)
                num = config_keys_per_loop;

            /* Here we access the low level representation of the hash table
             * for speed concerns: this makes this code coupled with dict.c,
             * but it hardly changed in ten years.
             *
             * Note that certain places of the hash table may be empty,
             * so we want also a stop condition about the number of
             * buckets that we scanned. However scanning for free buckets
             * is very fast: we are in the cache line scanning a sequential
             * array of NULL pointers, so we can scan a lot more buckets
             * than keys in the same time. */
            long max_buckets = num*20;
            long checked_buckets = 0;

            while (sampled < num && checked_buckets < max_buckets) {
                for (int table = 0; table < 2; table++) {
                    if (table == 1 && !dictIsRehashing(db->expires)) break;

                    unsigned long idx = db->expires_cursor;
                    idx &= db->expires->ht[table].sizemask;
                    dictEntry *de = db->expires->ht[table].table[idx];
                    long long ttl;

                    /* Scan the current bucket of the current table. */
                    checked_buckets++;
                    while(de) {
                        /* Get the next entry now since this entry may get
                         * deleted. */
                        dictEntry *e = de;
                        de = de->next;

                        ttl = dictGetSignedIntegerVal(e)-now;
                        if (activeExpireCycleTryExpire(db,e,now)) expired++;
                        if (ttl > 0) {
                            /* We want the average TTL of keys yet
                             * not expired. */
                            ttl_sum += ttl;
                            ttl_samples++;
                        }
                        sampled++;
                    }
                }
                db->expires_cursor++;
            }
            total_expired += expired;
            total_sampled += sampled;

            /* Update the average TTL stats for this database. */
            if (ttl_samples) {
                long long avg_ttl = ttl_sum/ttl_samples;

                /* Do a simple running average with a few samples.
                 * We just use the current estimate with a weight of 2%
                 * and the previous estimate with a weight of 98%. */
                if (db->avg_ttl == 0) db->avg_ttl = avg_ttl;
                db->avg_ttl = (db->avg_ttl/50)*49 + (avg_ttl/50);
            }

            /* We can't block forever here even if there are many keys to
             * expire. So after a given amount of milliseconds return to the
             * caller waiting for the other active expire cycle. */
            if ((iteration & 0xf) == 0) { /* check once every 16 iterations. */
                elapsed = ustime()-start;
                if (elapsed > timelimit) {
                    timelimit_exit = 1;
                    server.stat_expired_time_cap_reached_count++;
                    break;
                }
            }
            /* We don't repeat the cycle for the current database if there are
             * an acceptable amount of stale keys (logically expired but yet
             * not reclained). */
        } while ((expired*100/sampled) > config_cycle_acceptable_stale);
    }

    elapsed = ustime()-start;
    server.stat_expire_cycle_time_used += elapsed;
    latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("expire-cycle",elapsed/1000);

    /* Update our estimate of keys existing but yet to be expired.
     * Running average with this sample accounting for 5%. */
    double current_perc;
    if (total_sampled) {
        current_perc = (double)total_expired/total_sampled;
    } else
        current_perc = 0;
    server.stat_expired_stale_perc = (current_perc*0.05)+
                                     (server.stat_expired_stale_perc*0.95);
}