ReentrantReadWriteLock实现了可重入的读锁和写锁,其中读锁是共享锁,写锁是互斥锁。与ReentrantLock类似,ReentrantReadWriteLock也提供了公平锁和非公平锁两种实现,以满足不同的场景。因此,实际在使用时,会涉及到读锁、写锁、公平锁、非公平锁四个不同的概念,这也使得ReentrantReadWriteLock更加复杂一些。

1.核心字段与构造器

    private final ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock readerLock;
    private final ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock writerLock;
    final Sync sync;

    public ReentrantReadWriteLock() {
        this(false);
    }

    public ReentrantReadWriteLock(boolean fair) {
        sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
        readerLock = new ReadLock(this);
        writerLock = new WriteLock(this);
    }

ReentrantReadWriteLock通过ReadLockWriteLock两个内部类分别实现读锁和写锁,并且默认的构造器使用非公平锁。Sync这个内部类同样继承了AbstractQueuedSynchronizer(AQS),排队等候的逻辑都交由AQS实现,接下来分别看一下读锁和写锁的加锁逻辑。

2.读锁的加锁逻辑

    public void lock() {
        sync.acquireShared(1);
    }
    
    //位于AQS
    public final void acquireShared(int arg) {
        if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0)
            doAcquireShared(arg);
    }
    
    //位于Sync
    protected final int tryAcquireShared(int unused) {

        Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
        int c = getState();
        //如果写锁已经被占有,并且占有者不是当前线程,则返回-1,即写锁被其他线程占有时不能获取读锁
        if (exclusiveCount(c) != 0 &&
            getExclusiveOwnerThread() != current)
            return -1;
        int r = sharedCount(c);
        //如果读锁不需要阻塞,并且读锁的获取数量没有达到最大值(2^16-1),则尝试将读锁的持有数量加1(注意是在高16位加1),
        //如果加1操作能够成功,则表示当前线程成功获取读锁
        //注意,公平读锁和非公平读锁的readerShouldBlock()方法逻辑是不一样的
        //非公平读锁在等待队列第一个线程请求写锁时会返回true,其他情况都返回false
        //公平读锁会查看当前等待队列中是否有其他线程在等待
        if (!readerShouldBlock() &&
            r < MAX_COUNT &&
            compareAndSetState(c, c + SHARED_UNIT)) {
            //r == 0表示当前线程是第一个获取读锁的线程,将firstReader指向自己,并初始化firstReaderHoldCount字段
            if (r == 0) {
                firstReader = current;
                firstReaderHoldCount = 1;
            } else if (firstReader == current) {
                //如果firstReader已经指向了自己,就将firstReaderHoldCount加1,表示当前线程作为第一个获取读锁的线程,共获取读锁的次数
                firstReaderHoldCount++;
            } else {
                //cachedHoldCounter记录的是最后一个获取读锁的线程
                //使用cachedHoldCounter可以节省在ThreadLocal中查找操作
                HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
                //如果cachedHoldCounter还没初始化,或者最后一个获取读锁的线程不是当前线程,就从ThreadLocal中查看当前线程对应的HoldCounter
                //注意,如果无法在ThreadLocal中查到当前线程的记录,那么就会新建一个HoldCounter加入ThreadLocalMap中,对应的count字段初始化为0
                if (rh == null || rh.tid != getThreadId(current))
                    cachedHoldCounter = rh = readHolds.get();
                //执行到这里,说明rh != null,并且当前线程是最后一个获取读锁的线程,此时更新ThreadLocalMap中的value值
                else if (rh.count == 0)
                    readHolds.set(rh);
                //将读锁的持有次数加1
                rh.count++;
            }
            //获取读锁成功,则返回1
            return 1;
        }
        return fullTryAcquireShared(current);
    }

    //读写锁使用state字段的低16位表示写锁,高16位表示读锁
    static int exclusiveCount(int c) { return c & EXCLUSIVE_MASK; }

    //获取读锁被持有的次数,数量由state的高16位表示
    static int sharedCount(int c)    { return c >>> SHARED_SHIFT; }
    
    //如果写锁被其他线程占有,或者当前获取读锁的线程需要阻塞,就返回-1,如果获取读锁成功则返回1,其他情况会继续自旋
    final int fullTryAcquireShared(Thread current) {
        HoldCounter rh = null;
        //自旋
        for (;;) {
            int c = getState();
            if (exclusiveCount(c) != 0) {
                //如果写锁已经被其他线程占有,则返回-1
                if (getExclusiveOwnerThread() != current)
                    return -1;
            } else if (readerShouldBlock()) {
                // Make sure we're not acquiring read lock reentrantly
                if (firstReader == current) {
                    // assert firstReaderHoldCount > 0;
                } else {
                    if (rh == null) {
                        //获取最后一个获取锁的线程
                        rh = cachedHoldCounter;
                        //如果当前线程不是最后一个获取锁的线程,则从ThreadLocalMap中取出HoldCount对象
                        if (rh == null || rh.tid != getThreadId(current)) {
                            rh = readHolds.get();
                            //当前线程没有获取读锁,就将ThreadLocalMap中存的HoldCount清理掉
                            //因为根据上面的代码逻辑,走到这里的时候,说明当前获取读锁的线程应该阻塞,
                            //即无法获取读锁,这种情况下需要清理ThreadLocalMap中的记录
                            if (rh.count == 0)
                                readHolds.remove();
                        }
                    }
                    if (rh.count == 0)
                        return -1;
                }
            }
            //读锁获取数量达到最大,抛出异常
            if (sharedCount(c) == MAX_COUNT)
                throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
            //如果成功更新state的值,则表示读锁获取成功,否则会继续自旋
            if (compareAndSetState(c, c + SHARED_UNIT)) {
                //如果当前线程是第一个持有读锁的线程,就设置firstReader字段
                if (sharedCount(c) == 0) {
                    firstReader = current;
                    firstReaderHoldCount = 1;
                } else if (firstReader == current) {
                    firstReaderHoldCount++;
                } else {
                    if (rh == null)
                        rh = cachedHoldCounter;
                    if (rh == null || rh.tid != getThreadId(current))
                        //从ThreadLocal中查找当前线程对应的HoldCounter对象
                        rh = readHolds.get();
                    else if (rh.count == 0)
                        readHolds.set(rh);
                    //更新当前线程持有锁的数量
                    rh.count++;
                    //将cachedHoldCounter指向当前线程的HoldCounter对象
                    cachedHoldCounter = rh; // cache for release
                }
                return 1;
            }
        }
    }

tryAcquireShared()方法用到了ThreadLocal来记录当前线程获取的读锁数量,有兴趣的话可以参考ThreadLocal源码探究 (JDK 1.8)了解ThreadLocal的实现细节。公平锁和非公平锁以不同的方式实现了readerShouldBlock()方法,接下来分别讲解公平锁和非公平锁的实现。

  • 非公平锁的readerShouldBlock()实现
    //由名字可以看出,这个方法主要是判断读锁是否应该阻塞
    final boolean readerShouldBlock() {
        /* As a heuristic to avoid indefinite writer starvation,
         * block if the thread that momentarily appears to be head
         * of queue, if one exists, is a waiting writer.  This is
         * only a probabilistic effect since a new reader will not
         * block if there is a waiting writer behind other enabled
         * readers that have not yet drained from the queue.
         */
        return apparentlyFirstQueuedIsExclusive();
    }
    
    //如果等待队列的第一个线程请求互斥锁,则返回true,表示应该阻塞当前的读锁
    //由readerShouldBlock()方法的注释了解到,非公平的读锁在发现等待队列头节点请求互斥锁时,
    //需要进行阻塞而不是抢锁,是为了避免读请求太多的情况下造成写锁线程饥饿
    final boolean apparentlyFirstQueuedIsExclusive() {
        Node h, s;
        //head != null表示等待队列已初始化,
        //h.next != null && !s.isShared()表示队列的头结点请求的是互斥锁
        //s.thread != null表示头结点对应的线程还没有开始执行
        return (h = head) != null &&
            (s = h.next)  != null &&
            !s.isShared()         &&
            s.thread != null;
    }

对于非公平锁的读锁来说,在发现等待队列中的第一个线程请求写锁时,会主动取消抢锁,是为了避免请求写锁的线程饥饿,这是与ReentrantLock中的非公平锁一个很大的不同。与非公平锁不同的是,公平锁会先查看队列中是否有其他线程在等待。

  • 公平锁的readerShouldBlock()实现
    final boolean readerShouldBlock() {
        return hasQueuedPredecessors();
    }

    public final boolean hasQueuedPredecessors() {
        // The correctness of this depends on head being initialized
        // before tail and on head.next being accurate if the current
        // thread is first in queue.
        Node t = tail; // Read fields in reverse initialization order
        Node h = head;
        Node s;
        //只要队列中有其他节点在等候,公平锁就要求其他线程排队等待
        return h != t &&
            ((s = h.next) == null || s.thread != Thread.currentThread());
    }

至此tryAcquireShared()方法的逻辑已经介绍完了,在该方法返回-1时,表示当前无法获取读锁,就会接着执行doAcquireShared()方法,来看看该方法的源码:

    private void doAcquireShared(int arg) {
        //将当前线程构造成节点,放到等待队列的末尾
        final Node node = addWaiter(Node.SHARED);
        boolean failed = true;
        try {
            //中断标志
            boolean interrupted = false;
            for (;;) {
                //获取当前线程的前一个节点
                final Node p = node.predecessor();
                //只有在当前节点是队列中的第一个有效节点时,才会执行下面的语句
                if (p == head) {
                    //尝试获取读锁,获取成功则r>0,失败则r<0
                    int r = tryAcquireShared(arg);
                    if (r >= 0) {
                        setHeadAndPropagate(node, r);
                        p.next = null; // help GC
                        //如果线程设置了中断标记,则将当前线程中断
                        if (interrupted)
                            selfInterrupt();
                        failed = false;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                //当前线程不是队列第一个有效节点,或者获取读锁失败,就阻塞等待
                if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                    parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                    //线程中断之后,设置interrupted=true,之后代码逻辑会自旋一次,会在for循环的第一个条件语句中用到该字段
                    interrupted = true;
            }
        } finally {
            //如果线程被中断,或者出现异常时,failed=true,需要通过cancelAcquire()方法放弃获取锁
            if (failed)
                cancelAcquire(node);
        }
    }

doAcquireShared()方法的逻辑与同在AQS中的另一个方法doAcquireSharedInterruptibly()非常相似,在CountDownLatch源码探究 (JDK 1.8)doAcquireSharedInterruptibly()有详细的解释,包括shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire()parkAndCheckInterrupt()则两个方法,有兴趣的话可以参考,本文不再讨论这些方法的细节。

3.写锁的加锁逻辑

介绍完读锁的加锁逻辑之后,接下来看看写锁加锁的实现原理:

    public void lock() {
        sync.acquire(1);
    }
    
    //加锁的代码与ReentrantLock一样,复用了AQS中的处理框架
    public final void acquire(int arg) {
        if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
            acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
            selfInterrupt();
    }
    
    //ReentrantReadWriteLock的内部类Sync重写了tryAcquire()方法
    protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
        /*
         * Walkthrough:
         * 1. If read count nonzero or write count nonzero
         *    and owner is a different thread, fail.
         * 2. If count would saturate, fail. (This can only
         *    happen if count is already nonzero.)
         * 3. Otherwise, this thread is eligible for lock if
         *    it is either a reentrant acquire or
         *    queue policy allows it. If so, update state
         *    and set owner.
         */
        Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
        int c = getState();
        int w = exclusiveCount(c);
        if (c != 0) {
            // (Note: if c != 0 and w == 0 then shared count != 0)
            //①如果w = 0,但是c!=0,说明读锁已结被占有,直接返回false表示获取写锁失败
            //②如果w != 0,说明写锁已经被占有,需要判断是不是当前线程占有写锁
            if (w == 0 || current != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
                return false;
            //判断写锁的持有次数有没有超限
            if (w + exclusiveCount(acquires) > MAX_COUNT)
                throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
            //更新持有的写锁数量,这里可以看出写锁是可以重入的
            setState(c + acquires);
            return true;
        }
        //走到这里,说明c=0,即当前读锁和写锁都没有被占有,公平锁会先检查队列中有没有其他线程在等待锁,非公平锁不会阻塞
        //如果writerShouldBlock()反复返回false,才会考虑设置state字段,设置成功表示成功获取写锁,否则返回false表示获取写锁失败
        if (writerShouldBlock() ||
            !compareAndSetState(c, c + acquires))
            return false;
        //记录当前线程持有写锁
        setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
        return true;
    }

公平锁和非公平锁同样都重写了writerShouldBlock()方法,非公平锁的实现非常简单,直接返回false,表示非公平的写锁不需要阻塞;公平锁会检查等待队列中是否有其他线程在等待获取锁,两种实现方式的源码如下:

    //公平锁的实现
    final boolean writerShouldBlock() {
        return hasQueuedPredecessors();
    }
    
    //非公平锁的实现
    final boolean writerShouldBlock() {
        return false; // writers can always barge
    }

4.释放锁

  • 读锁释放锁
    public void unlock() {
        sync.releaseShared(1);
    }

    public final boolean releaseShared(int arg) {
        if (tryReleaseShared(arg)) {
            doReleaseShared();
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
    
    //当state=0时表示读锁已完全释放,才会返回true,其他情况返回false
    protected final boolean tryReleaseShared(int unused) {
        Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
        //判断当前线程是否是第一个获取读锁的线程
        if (firstReader == current) {
            // assert firstReaderHoldCount > 0;
            //firstReaderHoldCount=1,说明读锁只被当前线程占有1次,释放之后更新firstReader的值
            if (firstReaderHoldCount == 1)
                firstReader = null;
            //如果当前线程多次持有读锁,则将计数减1
            else
                firstReaderHoldCount--;
        } else {
            //执行到这里,说明当前线程不是第一个获取读锁的线程
            HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
            if (rh == null || rh.tid != getThreadId(current))
                rh = readHolds.get();
            int count = rh.count;
            if (count <= 1) {
                //如果当前线程获取的读锁次数<=1,在释放锁的时候,需要清除ThreadLocal中的记录
                readHolds.remove();
                //没有持有读锁的线程释放读锁会报错
                if (count <= 0)
                    throw unmatchedUnlockException();
            }
            //将当前线程读锁的重入次数减1
            --rh.count;
        }
        for (;;) {
            int c = getState();
            //更新读锁的值
            int nextc = c - SHARED_UNIT;
            if (compareAndSetState(c, nextc))
                // Releasing the read lock has no effect on readers,
                // but it may allow waiting writers to proceed if
                // both read and write locks are now free.
                //nextc=0,说明读锁已释放,返回true,否则返回false
                //由于读锁是共享锁,可以有多个线程同时获取读锁,只有最后一个持有读锁的线程完全释放读锁,才会返回true
                return nextc == 0;
        }
    }

    private void doReleaseShared() {

        for (;;) {
            Node h = head;
            if (h != null && h != tail) {
                int ws = h.waitStatus;
                if (ws == Node.SIGNAL) {
                    //头结点是SIGNAL状态时,将其状态更新成0,该操作会一直自旋重试,直到修改成功,成功之后会唤醒后面的等待线程
                    if (!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, Node.SIGNAL, 0))
                        continue;            // loop to recheck cases
                    unparkSuccessor(h);
                }
                //如果头结点不是SIGNAL状态,就自旋将其更新为PROPAGATE状态
                else if (ws == 0 &&
                         !compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, 0, Node.PROPAGATE))
                    continue;                // loop on failed CAS
            }
            //h==head说明,从for循环开始到现在头结点没用发生变化
            //注意:当线程释放锁的时候,会修改头结点
            if (h == head)                   // loop if head changed
                break;
        }
    }

    private void unparkSuccessor(Node node) {

        int ws = node.waitStatus;
        if (ws < 0)
            compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, ws, 0);

        Node s = node.next;
        //waitStatus>0只有CANCELLED状态,代表节点放弃获取锁
        if (s == null || s.waitStatus > 0) {
            s = null;
            //从队列尾部开始向前查找,目的是寻找node节点后第一个非CANCELLED状态的节点,并将s指向该节点
            for (Node t = tail; t != null && t != node; t = t.prev)
                if (t.waitStatus <= 0)
                    s = t;
        }
        //唤醒s节点对应的线程
        if (s != null)
            LockSupport.unpark(s.thread);
    }

由于读锁是共享锁,并且是可重入锁,因此在最后一个持有读锁的线程最后一次释放读锁时,读锁才能真正被释放,此时才会通过doReleaseShared()方法唤醒队列中的等待线程。

  • 写锁释放锁
    public void unlock() {
        sync.release(1);
    }

    public final boolean release(int arg) {
        //如果线程是释放写锁成功,则唤醒后面的等待线程
        if (tryRelease(arg)) {
            Node h = head;
            if (h != null && h.waitStatus != 0)
                unparkSuccessor(h);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    protected final boolean tryRelease(int releases) {
        //线程没有持有写锁不允许释放写锁
        if (!isHeldExclusively())
            throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
        int nextc = getState() - releases;
        boolean free = exclusiveCount(nextc) == 0;
        //释放写锁成功,则设置exclusiveOwnerThread=null,表示写锁目前没有被任何线程占有
        if (free)
            setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
        setState(nextc);
        return free;
    }
    
    //判断当前线程是否持有写锁
    protected final boolean isHeldExclusively() {
        return getExclusiveOwnerThread() == Thread.currentThread();
    }

5.其他介绍

  • HoldCounter
    HoldCounter是用来记录线程持有读锁的数量,源码中使用cachedHoldCounter来记录最后一个获取读锁的是哪个线程,由于代码很简单,因此前文并未对其进行介绍,这里做一下简单讲解:
    /**
     * A counter for per-thread read hold counts.
     * Maintained as a ThreadLocal; cached in cachedHoldCounter
     */
    static final class HoldCounter {
        //记录线程持有读锁的次数
        int count = 0;
        // Use id, not reference, to avoid garbage retention
        //记录线程id
        final long tid = getThreadId(Thread.currentThread());
    }

HoldCounter配合使用的是ThreadLocalHoldCounter类,使用readHolds字段维持对该类的引用,下面是ThreadLocalHoldCounter的源码:

    /**
     * ThreadLocal subclass. Easiest to explicitly define for sake
     * of deserialization mechanics.
     */
     //继承了ThreadLocal
    static final class ThreadLocalHoldCounter
        extends ThreadLocal<HoldCounter> {
        public HoldCounter initialValue() {
            return new HoldCounter();
        }
    }

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