初步认识Struts2
最近接受的一个Java项目,上手一看用的是很古老的struts2,一时间没有看懂,查阅了资料后,终于稍微认识了一点。
1.Struts.xml
1.1. 包配置:
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd"> <struts> <!-- struts2的action必须放在一个指定的包空间下定义 --> <package name="default" extends="struts-default"> <!-- 定义处理请求URL为login.action的Action --> <action name="login" class="org.qiujy.web.struts.action.LoginAction"> <!-- 定义处理结果字符串和资源之间的映射关系 --> <result name="success">/success.jsp</result> <result name="error">/error.jsp</result> </action> </package> </struts>
如上示例的配置,配置了一个名为default的包,该包下定义了一个Action。
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd"> <struts> <!-- struts2的action必须放在一个指定的包空间下定义 --> <package name="qiujy" extends="struts-default"> <!-- 定义处理请求URL为login.action的Action --> <action name="login" class="org.qiujy.web.struts2.action.LoginAction"> <!-- 定义处理结果字符串和资源之间的映射关系 --> <result name="success">/success.jsp</result> <result name="error">/error.jsp</result> </action> </package> <package name="my" extends="struts-default" namespace="/manage"> <!-- 定义处理请求URL为login.action的Action --> <action name="backLogin" class="org.qiujy.web.struts2.action.LoginAction"> <!-- 定义处理结果字符串和资源之间的映射关系 --> <result name="success">/success.jsp</result> <result name="error">/error.jsp</result> </action> </package> </struts>
如上配置了两个包:default和my,配置my包时指定了该包的命名空间为/manage。
<struts> <include file="struts-default.xml"/> <include file="struts-user.xml"/> <include file="struts-book.xml"/> <include file="struts-shoppingCart.xml"/> ...... </struts>
<struts> ...... <constant name="struts.custom.i18n.resources" value="messages"/> </struts>
表示指定了资源文件的放置在classes目录下,基本名是messages,则在classes目录下您就应该放置类似messages_zh_CN.properties,message_en.properties名的文件。
package org.qiujy.web.struts2.action; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; /** *@authorqiujy *@version1.0 */ publicclass LoginAction extends ActionSupport{ private String userName; private String password; private String msg; //结果信息属性 /** *@returnthemsg */ public String getMsg() { returnmsg; } /** *@parammsgthemsgtoset */ publicvoid setMsg(String msg) { this.msg = msg; } /** *@returntheuserName */ public String getUserName() { returnuserName; } /** *@paramuserNametheuserNametoset */ publicvoid setUserName(String userName) { this.userName = userName; } /** *@returnthepassword */ public String getPassword() { returnpassword; } /** *@parampasswordthepasswordtoset */ publicvoid setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } /** *处理用户请求的excute()方法 *@return结果导航字符串 *@throwsException */ public String execute() throws Exception{ if("test".equals(this.userName) && "test".equals(this.password)){ msg = "登录成功,欢迎" + this.userName; returnthis.SUCCESS; }else{ msg = "登录失败,用户名或密码错"; returnthis.ERROR; } } }
public String execute() throws Exception{ if("test".equals(this.userName) && "test".equals(this.password)){ msg = "登录成功,欢迎" + this.userName; //获取ActionContext实例,通过它来访问Servlet API ActionContext context = ActionContext.getContext(); //看session中是否已经存放了用户名,如果存放了:说明已经登录了; //否则说明是第一次登录成功 if(null != context.getSession().get("uName")){ msg = this.userName + ":你已经登录过了!!!"; }else{ context.getSession().put("uName", this.userName); } returnthis.SUCCESS; }else{ msg = "登录失败,用户名或密码错"; returnthis.ERROR; } }
<form method="post" action="userOpt!login.action">
package org.qiujy.web.struts2.action; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; /** *@authorqiujy *@version1.0 */ publicclass LoginAction extends ActionSupport{ private String userName; private String password; private String msg; //结果信息属性 /** *@returnthemsg */ public String getMsg() { returnmsg; } /** *@parammsgthemsgtoset */ publicvoid setMsg(String msg) { this.msg = msg; } /** *@returntheuserName */ public String getUserName() { returnuserName; } /** *@paramuserNametheuserNametoset */ publicvoid setUserName(String userName) { this.userName = userName; } /** *@returnthepassword */ public String getPassword() { returnpassword; } /** *@parampasswordthepasswordtoset */ publicvoid setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } /** *处理用户请求的login()方法 *@return结果导航字符串 *@throwsException */ public String login() throws Exception{ if("test".equals(this.userName) && "test".equals(this.password)){ msg = "登录成功,欢迎" + this.userName; //获取ActionContext实例,通过它来访问Servlet API ActionContext context = ActionContext.getContext(); //看session中是否已经存放了用户名,如果存放了:说明已经登录了; //否则说明是第一次登录成功 if(null != context.getSession().get("uName")){ msg = this.userName + ":你已经登录过了!!!"; }else{ context.getSession().put("uName", this.userName); } returnthis.SUCCESS; }else{ msg = "登录失败,用户名或密码错"; returnthis.ERROR; } } public String regist() throws Exception{ //将用户名,密码添加到数据库中 //... msg = "注册成功。"; returnthis.SUCCESS; } }
2. struts.xml文件:没有什么变化,跟以前一样配置
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd"> <struts> <package name="my" extends="struts-default" namespace="/manage"> <!-- 定义处理请求URL为login.action的Action --> <action name="userOpt" class="org.qiujy.web.struts2.action.LoginAction"> <!-- 定义处理结果字符串和资源之间的映射关系 --> <result name="success">/success.jsp</result> <result name="error">/error.jsp</result> </action> </package> </struts>
<%@ page language="java" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <html> <head> <title>用户登录页面</title> </head> <body> <h2>用户入口</h2> <hr> <form action="manage/userOpt!login.action" method="post"> <table border="1"> <tr> <td>用户名:</td> <td><input type="text" name="userName"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td>密码:</td> <td><input type="password" name="password"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <input type="submit" value=" 确定 "/> </td> </tr> </table> </form> </body> </html>
regist.jsp
<%@ page language="java" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <html> <head> <title>用户注册页面</title> </head> <body> <h2>用户注册</h2> <hr> <form action="manage/userOpt!regist.action" method="post"> <table border="1"> <tr> <td>用户名:</td> <td><input type="text" name="userName"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td>密码:</td> <td><input type="password" name="password"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <input type="submit" value=" 注册 "/> </td> </tr> </table> </form> </body> </html>
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd"> <struts> <package name="my" extends="struts-default" namespace="/manage"> <action name="userLogin" class="org.qiujy.web.struts2.action.LoginAction" method="login"> <result name="success">/success.jsp</result> <result name="error">/error.jsp</result> </action> <action name="userRegist" class="org.qiujy.web.struts2.action.LoginAction" method="regist"> <result name="success">/success.jsp</result> <result name="error">/error.jsp</result> </action> </package> </struts>
如上,把LoginAction中的login和regist方法都配置成逻辑Action。要调用login方法,则相应的把index.jsp中表单元素的action设置为”manage/userLogin.action”;要调用regist方法,把regist.jsp中表单元素的action设置为”manage/userRegist.action”。
3.3. 使用通配符映射(wildcard mappings)方式:
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd"> <struts> <package name="my" extends="struts-default" namespace="/manage"> <action name="user_*" class="userAction" method="{1}"> <result name="success">/success.jsp</result> <result name="error">/error.jsp</result> </action> </package> </struts>
此时method={1}代表的就是user_*中的‘*’, 假设访问的Url为 /user_add,则此刻访问的是该Action中的add方法,同理如果访问的是/user_list,则访问Action中的list方法。当出现多个通配符时,method={2}就代表第二个通配符所表示的方法。
4.1. 配置处理结果:
<global-results> <result name="error">/Error.jsp</result> <result name="invalid.token">/Error.jsp</result> <result name="login" type="redirect-action">Logon!input</result> </global-results>
名字 | 说明 |
chain | 用来处理Action链 |
dispatcher | 用来转向页面,通常处理JSP,这是默认的结果类型 |
freeMarker | 处理FreeMarker模板 |
httpHeader | 用来控制特殊的Http行为 |
redirect | 重定向到一个URL |
redirect-action | 重定向到一个Action |
stream | 向浏览器发送InputSream对象,通常用来处理文件下载 |
velocity | 处理Velocity模板 |
xslt | 处理XML/XLST模板 |
plaintext | 显示原始文件内容,例如文件源代码 |
tiles | 结合Tile使用 |
private String nextAction;
public String getNextAction() {
return nextAction;
}
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<action name=”fragment” class=”FragmentAction”>
<result name=”next” type=”redirect-action”>${nextAction}</result>
</action>
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package org.qiujy.domain;
publicclass User {
private String userName;
private String password;
/**
*@returntheuserName
*/
public String getUserName() {
returnuserName;
}
/**
*@paramuserNametheuserNametoset
*/
publicvoid setUserName(String userName) {
this.userName = userName;
}
/**
*@returnthepassword
*/
public String getPassword() {
returnpassword;
}
/**
*@parampasswordthepasswordtoset
*/
publicvoid setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}
}
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package org.qiujy.web.struts2.action;
import org.qiujy.domain.User;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
publicclass UserAction extends ActionSupport{
//定义用于封装请求参数的模型对象
private User user = new User();
private String msg; //结果信息属性
/**
*@returntheuser
*/
public User getUser() {
returnuser;
}
/**
*@paramusertheusertoset
*/
publicvoid setUser(User user) {
this.user = user;
}
/**
*@returnthemsg
*/
public String getMsg() {
returnmsg;
}
/**
*@parammsgthemsgtoset
*/
publicvoid setMsg(String msg) {
this.msg = msg;
}
/**
*处理用户请求的login()方法
*@return结果导航字符串
*@throwsException
*/
public String login() throws Exception{
String userName = user.getUserName();
String password = user.getPassword();
if(“test”.equals(userName) && “test”.equals(password)){
msg = “登录成功,欢迎” + userName;
//获取ActionContext实例,通过它来访问Servlet API
ActionContext context = ActionContext.getContext();
//看session中是否已经存放了用户名,如果存放了:说明已经登录了;否则说明是第一次登录成功
if(null != context.getSession().get(“uName”)){
msg = userName + “:你已经登录过了!!!”;
}else{
context.getSession().put(“uName”, userName);
}
returnthis.SUCCESS;
}else{
msg = “登录失败,用户名或密码错”;
returnthis.ERROR;
}
}
public String regist() throws Exception{
//将用户名,密码添加到数据库中
//…
msg = “注册成功。”;
returnthis.SUCCESS;
}
}
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<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
“-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN”
“http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd”>
<struts>
<package name=”my” extends=”struts-default” namespace=”/manage”>
<action name=”userOpt” class=”org.qiujy.web.struts2.action.UserAction”>
<result name=”success”>/success.jsp</result>
<result name=”error”>/error.jsp</result>
</action>
</package>
</struts>
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<%@ page language=”java” pageEncoding=”UTF-8″%>
<html>
<head>
<title>用户登录页面</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>用户入口</h2>
<hr>
<form action=”manage/userOpt!login.action” method=”post”>
<table border=”1″>
<tr>
<td>用户名:</td>
<td><input type=“text” name=“user.userName”/></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>密码:</td>
<td><input type=”password” name=”user.password”/></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=”2″>
<input type=”submit” value=” 确定 “/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>
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public String regist() throws Exception{
//将用户名,密码添加到数据库中
//…
//msg = “注册成功。”;
if(true){
throw new java.sql.SQLException(“没有数据库驱动程序“);
}
return this.SUCCESS;
}
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<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
“-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN”
“http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd”>
<struts>
<package name=”my” extends=”struts-default” namespace=”/manage”>
<!– 定义全局处理结果 –>
<global-results>
<!– 逻辑名为sql的结果,映射到/exception.jsp页面 –>
<result name=”sql”>/exception.jsp</result>
</global-results>
<global-exception-mappings>
<!– 当Action抛出SQLException异常时,转入名为sql的结果 –>
<exception-mapping exception=”java.sql.SQLException” result=”sql”/>
</global-exception-mappings>
<action name=”userOpt” class=”org.qiujy.web.struts2.action.UserAction”>
<result name=”success”>/success.jsp</result>
<result name=”error”>/error.jsp</result>
</action>
</package>
</struts>
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<%@ page language=”java” pageEncoding=”utf-8″%>
<%@ taglib uri=”/struts-tags” prefix=”s” %>
<html>
<head>
<title>异常信息</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>
出现异常啦
</h2>
<hr/>
<h3 style=”color:red”>
<!– 获得异常对象 –>
<s:property value=”exception.message”/>
</h3>
<br/>
<!– 异常堆栈信息 –>
<s:property value=”exceptionStack”/>
</html>
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