SQLite数据库简介和使用
一、Sqlite简介:
SQLite (http://www.sqlite.org/),是一款轻型的数据库,是遵守ACID的关联式数据库管理系统,它的设计目标是嵌入式的,而且目前已经在很多嵌入式产品中使用了它,它占用资源非常的低,在嵌入式设备中,可能只需要几百K的内存就够了。它能够支持Windows/Linux/Unix等等主流的操作系统,同时能够跟很多程序语言相结合,比如 Tcl、C#、PHP、Java等,还有ODBC接口,同样比起Mysql、PostgreSQL这两款开源世界著名的数据库管理系统来讲,它的处理速度比他们都快。SQLite第一个Alpha版本诞生于2000年5月. 至今已经有10个年头,SQLite也迎来了一个版本 SQLite 3已经发布。
二、Sqlite作者赠言:
o May you do good and not evil. 愿你行善莫行恶
o May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others. 愿你原谅自己宽恕他人
o May you share freely, never taking more than you give. 愿你宽心与人分享,所取不多于你所施予
三、Sqlite的命令:
sqlite3 too.db 创建名为too的数据库,其后缀不一定用db
.Help 求助
.quit 离开
四、Sqlite的客户端工具:
SQLiteExpertPers
六、Sqlite的sql语句:
建表:create table table_name(field1, field2, field3, …);
例子:创建名为film的数据库表
create table film(_id Integer primaray key autoincrement , title, length, year, starring);
注意:语句要以分号结尾,字段不用指定类型,它会适时的自动转换
可以存储文字、数字、大文本(blub)
创建索引:create index index_name on table_name(field_to_be_indexed);
例子:针对表film的title字段创建名为film_title_index的索引
create index film_title_index on film(title);
注意:当表的数据较多时,索引能加快查询速度(前提是根据建有索引的字段查询)
添加数据:insert into table_name(field1,field2,field3,…) values(data1, data2, data3, …);
例子:向表film中添加一条记录
insert into film(title, length, year, starring) values(\’Contact\’,153,1997,\’Jodie Foster\’);
注意:可以省略语句中的字段名部分,前提是数据个数与字段个数一样
如果某个字段没有添加值则其值为null,也可手动添加null值
查询数据:select columns from table_name where expression;
例子:从表film中查询数据
1 显示表里所有字段的所有数据
select * from film;
2 如果资料太多了,我们或许会想限制笔数:
select * from film limit 10;
3 照着电影年份来排列:
select * from film order by year limit 10;
4 年份比较近的电影先列出来:
select * from film order by year desc limit 10;
5 我们只想看电影名称跟年份:
select title, year from film order by year desc limit 10;
6 查所有茱蒂佛斯特演过的电影:
select * from film where starring=\’Jodie Foster\’;
7 查所有演员名字开头叫茱蒂的电影(\’%\’ 符号便是 SQL 的万用字符):
select * from film where starring like \’Jodie%\’;
8 查所有演员名字以茱蒂开头、年份晚于1985年、年份晚的优先列出、最多十笔,只列出电影名称和年份:
select title, year from film where starring like \’Jodie%\’ and year >= 1985
order by year desc limit 10;
9 查看数据库一共有多少条记录:
select count(*) from film;
10 查看1985年以后的电影有几部:
select count(*) from film where year >= 1985;
更新数据:update film set starring=\’Jodie Foster\’ where starring=\’Jodee Foster\’;
把主角字段为\’Jodee Foster\’的所有记录改成Jodie Foster。
删除数据:delete from film where year < 1970;
删除所有年代早于1970 年(不含)的电影记录
注释:注释单行:—
注释多行:/* */
创建视图:CREATE VIEW view-name AS select-statement
模糊匹配:like %
sqlite日间日期函数:
datetime() 产生日期和时间
date() 产生日期
time() 产生时间
strftime() 对以上三个函数产生的日期和时间格式化
可用的字符串参数:
now 产生现在的时间
YYYY-MM-DD
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.SSS
HH:MM
HH:MM:SS
HH:MM:SS.SSS
例子:
select datetime(\’now\’);
select datetime(\’2011-06-12\’);
select datetime(\’2006-10-17 00:20:00\’,\’+1 hour\’,\’-12 minute\’);
select date(\’2006-10-17\’,\’+1 day\’,\’+1 year\’);
select datetime(\’now\’, \’localtime\’);
—修改表结构
—添加一个字段
alter table film add column director2;
—删除一个字段 不行
alter table film drop (column director2);
—删除一个表
drop table test;
sqlite的特别用法
sqlite可以在shell底下直接执行命令:
输出 HTML 表格: sqlite3 -html film.db “select * from film;”
将数据库「倒出来」: sqlite3 film.db “.dump” > output.sql
利用输出的资料,建立一个一模一样的数据库(加上以上指令,就是标准的SQL数据库备份了):
sqlite3 film.db < output.sql
在大量插入资料时,你可能会需要先打这个指令: begin;
插入完资料后要记得打这个指令,资料才会写进数据库中: commit;
七、练习:
—创建雇员表
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEES(
employee_id Integer PRIMARY KEY,
department_id Integer,
location_id Integer,
first_name,
last_name,
salary,
hire_date date
);
—创建部门表
CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT(
department_id Integer primary key,
name
);
创建职位表
CREATE TABLE LOCATION (
location_id Integer PRIMARY KEY,
name
);
添加测试数据
insert into [employees](department_id,location_id , first_name, last_name, salary,hire_date)
values (1,1, \’A\’, \’z\’, 50000, \’2005-02-21\’);
insert into [employees](department_id,location_id, first_name, last_name, salary,hire_date)
values (1,2, \’B\’, \’x\’, 20000, \’2009-03-21\’);
insert into [employees](department_id,location_id , first_name, last_name, salary,hire_date)
values (2,3, \’C\’, \’v\’, 10000, \’2009-08-23\’);
insert into [employees](department_id,location_id, first_name, last_name, salary,hire_date)
values (4,2, \’D\’, \’n\’, 30000, \’2004-09-28\’);
insert into [employees](department_id,location_id, first_name, last_name, salary,hire_date)
values (3,5, \’E\’, \’m\’, 3000, \’2009-04-11\’);
insert into [employees](department_id,location_id, first_name, last_name, salary,hire_date)
values (5,5, \’F\’, \’l\’, 5000, \’2008-03-11\’);
insert into [employees](department_id,location_id, first_name, last_name, salary,hire_date)
values (5,3, \’G\’, \’p\’, 20000, \’2005-05-09\’);
insert into [employees](department_id,location_id, first_name, last_name, salary,hire_date)
values (5,4, \’H\’, \’o\’, 8000, \’2006-07-21\’);
insert into [employees](department_id,location_id, first_name, last_name, salary,hire_date)
values (5,5, \’I\’, \’u\’, 6000, \’2006-09-21\’);
insert into [employees](department_id,location_id, first_name, last_name, salary,hire_date)
values (5,5, \’J\’, \’y\’, 5500, \’2007-08-21\’);
insert into [employees](department_id,location_id, first_name, last_name, salary,hire_date)
values (5,5, \’K\’, \’t\’, 6500, \’2006-12-21\’);
insert into [employees](department_id,location_id, first_name, last_name, salary,hire_date)
values (5,1, \’L\’, \’r\’, 100000, \’2001-05-21\’);
insert into department(name) values (\’人事\’);
insert into department(name) values (\’财务\’);
insert into department(name) values (\’后勤\’);
insert into department(name) values (\’公关\’);
insert into department(name) values (\’研发\’);
insert into location(name) values (\’总经理\’);
insert into location(name) values (\’经理\’);
insert into location(name) values (\’主管\’);
insert into location(name) values (\’组长\’);
insert into location(name) values (\’职员\’);
—查研发部的职员的员工信息
select * from employees e where e.location_id =(select l.location_id from location l where l.name=\’职员\’)
and
e.[department_id]=(select d.department_id from department d where d.name=\’研发\’);
—根据查询结果创建一个表
create table TEMP_EMPLOYEES AS select employee_id, first_name, last_name from EMPLOYEES where salary>6000;
—查询可以进行计算
select salary*13 年薪 from employees where 年薪 !=260000;
select salary*13 年薪 from employees where 年薪 between 50000 and 100000;
–first_name 是A, B, C的职员信息
select * from employees where first_name in (\’A\’, \’B\’, \’C\’);
—测试is null
select * from film where title is null;
—查询月薪大于10000的主管
select * from employees where salary>10000 and location_id=3;
—查询月薪大于10000的主管或者理解
select * from employees where salary>10000 and (location_id=3 or location_id=2);
select * from employees where salary>10000 and location_id not in(4,5,1);
—测试order by
select * from employees order by location_id,salary;