Vue Router 路由实现原理
一、概念
通过改变 URL,在不重新请求页面的情况下,更新页面视图。
二、实现方式
更新视图但不重新请求页面,是前端路由原理的核心之一,目前在浏览器环境中这一功能的实现主要有2
种方式:
1.Hash — 利用 URL 中的hash(“#”);
2.利用 History interface 在HTML5中新增的方法。
Vue 中,它是通过 mode 这一参数控制路由的实现模式:
const router=new VueRouter({ mode:\'history\', routes:[...] })
创建 VueRouter 的实例对象时,mode 以构造参数的形式传入,如下代码:
export default class VueRouter{
mode: string; // 传入的字符串参数,指示history类别
history: HashHistory | HTML5History | AbstractHistory; // 实际起作用的对象属性,必须是以上三个类的枚举
fallback: boolean; // 如浏览器不支持,\’history\’模式需回滚为\’hash\’模式
constructor (options: RouterOptions = {}) {
let mode = options.mode || \’hash\’ // 默认为\’hash\’模式
this.fallback = mode === \’history\’ && !supportsPushState // 通过supportsPushState判断浏览器是否支持\’history\’模式
if (this.fallback) {
mode = \’hash\’
}
if (!inBrowser) {
mode = \’abstract\’ // 不在浏览器环境下运行需强制为\’abstract\’模式
}
this.mode = mode
// 根据mode确定history实际的类并实例化
switch (mode) {
case \’history\’:
this.history = new HTML5History(this, options.base)
break
case \’hash\’:
this.history = new HashHistory(this, options.base, this.fallback)
break
case \’abstract\’:
this.history = new AbstractHistory(this, options.base)
break
default:
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== \’production\’) {
assert(false, `invalid mode: ${mode}`)
}
}
}
init (app: any /* Vue component instance */) {
const history = this.history
// 根据history的类别执行相应的初始化操作和监听
if (history instanceof HTML5History) {
history.transitionTo(history.getCurrentLocation())
} else if (history instanceof HashHistory) {
const setupHashListener = () => {
history.setupListeners()
}
history.transitionTo(
history.getCurrentLocation(),
setupHashListener,
setupHashListener
)
}
history.listen(route => {
this.apps.forEach((app) => {
app._route = route
})
})
}
// VueRouter类暴露的以下方法实际是调用具体history对象的方法
push (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) {
this.history.push(location, onComplete, onAbort)
}
replace (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) {
this.history.replace(location, onComplete, onAbort)
}
}
src/index.js export default class VueRouter{ mode: string; // 传入的字符串参数,指示history类别 history: HashHistory | HTML5History | AbstractHistory; // 实际起作用的对象属性,必须是以上三个类的枚举 fallback: boolean; // 如浏览器不支持,\'history\'模式需回滚为\'hash\'模式 constructor (options: RouterOptions = {}) { let mode = options.mode || \'hash\' // 默认为\'hash\'模式 this.fallback = mode === \'history\' && !supportsPushState // 通过supportsPushState判断浏览器是否支持\'history\'模式 if (this.fallback) { mode = \'hash\' } if (!inBrowser) { mode = \'abstract\' // 不在浏览器环境下运行需强制为\'abstract\'模式 } this.mode = mode // 根据mode确定history实际的类并实例化 switch (mode) { case \'history\': this.history = new HTML5History(this, options.base) break case \'hash\': this.history = new HashHistory(this, options.base, this.fallback) break case \'abstract\': this.history = new AbstractHistory(this, options.base) break default: if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== \'production\') { assert(false, `invalid mode: ${mode}`) } } } init (app: any /* Vue component instance */) { const history = this.history // 根据history的类别执行相应的初始化操作和监听 if (history instanceof HTML5History) { history.transitionTo(history.getCurrentLocation()) } else if (history instanceof HashHistory) { const setupHashListener = () => { history.setupListeners() } history.transitionTo( history.getCurrentLocation(), setupHashListener, setupHashListener ) } history.listen(route => { this.apps.forEach((app) => { app._route = route }) }) } // VueRouter类暴露的以下方法实际是调用具体history对象的方法 push (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) { this.history.push(location, onComplete, onAbort) } replace (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) { this.history.replace(location, onComplete, onAbort) } }
mode 参数:
1.默认 hash
2. history。如果浏览器不支持 history 新特性,则采用 hash
3. 如果不在浏览器环境下,就采用 abstract(Node环境下)
mode 区别:
1. mode:”hash” 多了 “#”
http://localhost:8080/#/login
2.mode:”history”
http://localhost:8080/recommend
HashHistory:
hash(“#”) 的作用是加载 URL 中指示网页中的位置。
# 本身以及它后面的字符称职位 hash,可通过 window.location.hash 获取
特点:
1. hash 虽然出现在 url 中,但不会被包括在 http 请求中,它是用来指导浏览器动作的,对服务器端完全无用,因此,改变 hash 不会重新加载页面。
2. 可以为 hash 的改变添加监听事件:
window.addEventListener("hashchange",funcRef,false)
3. 每一次改变 hash(window.localtion.hash),都会在浏览器访问历史中增加一个记录。
利用 hash 的以上特点,就可以来实现前端路由”更新视图但不重新请求页面”的功能了。
HashHistory 拥有两个方法,一个是 push, 一个是 replace
1
|
两个方法:HashHistory.push() 和 HashHistory.replace() |
HashHistory.push() 将新路由添加到浏览器访问历史的栈顶
this.transitionTo(location, route => {
pushHash(route.fullPath)
onComplete && onComplete(route)
}, onAbort)
}
function pushHash (path) {
window.location.hash = path
}
HashHisttory.push()
push (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) { this.transitionTo(location, route => { pushHash(route.fullPath) onComplete && onComplete(route) }, onAbort) } function pushHash (path) { window.location.hash = path }
从设置路由改变到视图更新的流程:
$router.push() --> HashHistory.push() --> History.transitionTo() --> History.updateRoute() --> {app._route = route} --> vm.render() |
解析:
1 $router.push() //调用方法 2 HashHistory.push() //根据hash模式调用,设置hash并添加到浏览器历史记录(添加到栈顶)(window.location.hash= XXX) 3 History.transitionTo() //监测更新,更新则调用History.updateRoute() 4 History.updateRoute() //更新路由 5 {app._route= route} //替换当前app路由 6 vm.render() //更新视图
transitionTo() 方法是父类中定义的是用来处理路由变化中的基础逻辑的,push() 方法最主要的是对 window 的 hash 进行了直接赋值:
window.location.hash=route.fullPath
hash 的改变会自动添加到浏览器的访问历史记录中。
那么视图的更新是怎么实现的呢,我们来看看父类 History 中的 transitionTo() 方法:
transitionTo (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) { const route = this.router.match(location, this.current) this.confirmTransition(route, () => { this.updateRoute(route) ... }) } updateRoute (route: Route) { this.cb && this.cb(route) } listen (cb: Function) { this.cb = cb }
可以看到,当路由变化时,调用了Hitory
中的this.cb
方法,而this.cb
方法是通过History.listen(cb)
进行设置的,回到VueRouter
类定义中,找到了在init()
中对其进行了设置:
init (app: any /* Vue component instance */) { this.apps.push(app) history.listen(route => { this.apps.forEach((app) => { app._route = route }) }) }
HashHistory.replace()
replace()方法与push()方法不同之处在于,它并不是将新路由添加到浏览器访问历史的栈顶,而是替换掉当前的路由
this.transitionTo(location, route => {
replaceHash(route.fullPath)
onComplete && onComplete(route)
}, onAbort)
}
function replaceHash (path) {
const i = window.location.href.indexOf(\’#\’)
window.location.replace(
window.location.href.slice(0, i >= 0 ? i : 0) + \’#\’ + path
)
}
HashHisttory.replace()
replace (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) { this.transitionTo(location, route => { replaceHash(route.fullPath) onComplete && onComplete(route) }, onAbort) } function replaceHash (path) { const i = window.location.href.indexOf(\'#\') window.location.replace( window.location.href.slice(0, i >= 0 ? i : 0) + \'#\' + path ) }
HTML5History
History interface 是浏览器历史记录栈提供的接口,通过back()、forward()、go()等方法,我们可以读取浏览器历史记录栈的信息,进行各种跳转操作。
从 HTML5开始,History interface 提供了2个新的方法:pushState()、replaceState() 使得我们可以对浏览器历史记录栈进行修改:
window.history.pushState(stateObject,title,url) window.history,replaceState(stateObject,title,url)
stateObject:当浏览器跳转到新的状态时,将触发 Popstate 事件,该事件将携带这个 stateObject 参数的副本
title:所添加记录的标题
url:所添加记录的 url
这2
个方法有个共同的特点:当调用他们修改浏览器历史栈后,虽然当前url
改变了,但浏览器不会立即发送请求该url
,这就为单页应用前端路由,更新视图但不重新请求页面提供了基础
1.push
与hash模式类似,只是将window.hash改为history.pushState
2.replace
与hash模式类似,只是将window.replace改为history.replaceState
3.监听地址变化
在HTML5History的构造函数中监听popState(window.onpopstate)
const { current: fromRoute } = this
this.transitionTo(location, route => {
pushState(cleanPath(this.base + route.fullPath))
handleScroll(this.router, route, fromRoute, false)
onComplete && onComplete(route)
}, onAbort)
}
replace (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) {
const { current: fromRoute } = this
this.transitionTo(location, route => {
replaceState(cleanPath(this.base + route.fullPath))
handleScroll(this.router, route, fromRoute, false)
onComplete && onComplete(route)
}, onAbort)
}
// src/util/push-state.js
export function pushState (url?: string, replace?: boolean) {
saveScrollPosition()
// try…catch the pushState call to get around Safari
// DOM Exception 18 where it limits to 100 pushState calls
const history = window.history
try {
if (replace) {
history.replaceState({ key: _key }, \’\’, url)
} else {
_key = genKey()
history.pushState({ key: _key }, \’\’, url)
}
} catch (e) {
window.location[replace ? \’replace\’ : \’assign\’](url)
}
}
export function replaceState (url?: string) {
pushState(url, true)
}
push (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) { const { current: fromRoute } = this this.transitionTo(location, route => { pushState(cleanPath(this.base + route.fullPath)) handleScroll(this.router, route, fromRoute, false) onComplete && onComplete(route) }, onAbort) } replace (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) { const { current: fromRoute } = this this.transitionTo(location, route => { replaceState(cleanPath(this.base + route.fullPath)) handleScroll(this.router, route, fromRoute, false) onComplete && onComplete(route) }, onAbort) } // src/util/push-state.js export function pushState (url?: string, replace?: boolean) { saveScrollPosition() // try...catch the pushState call to get around Safari // DOM Exception 18 where it limits to 100 pushState calls const history = window.history try { if (replace) { history.replaceState({ key: _key }, \'\', url) } else { _key = genKey() history.pushState({ key: _key }, \'\', url) } } catch (e) { window.location[replace ? \'replace\' : \'assign\'](url) } } export function replaceState (url?: string) { pushState(url, true) }
两种模式比较
-
pushState设置的新URL可以是与当前URL同源的任意URL;而hash只可修改#后面的部分,故只可设置与当前同文档的URL
-
pushState通过stateObject可以添加任意类型的数据到记录中;而hash只可添加短字符串
-
pushState可额外设置title属性供后续使用
-
history模式则会将URL修改得就和正常请求后端的URL一样,如后端没有配置对应/user/id的路由处理,则会返回404错误