第一部分：准备Ubuntu12.04的启动盘

Ubuntu支持可移动盘和CDROM安装，笔者选择后者。在Ubuntu官网http://www.ubuntu.org.cn/download/desktop下载Ubuntu镜像文件(.iso)，通过光盘刻录机将该镜像文件刻录到一张空白CD/DVD上。

第二部分：安装Ubuntu12.04

第一步、将CD/DVD启动盘插入光驱中，一般长按键盘左上角的Esc键，进入启动页面,选择CDROM安装。

第二步、分区

              安装时有三个选项，选择最后一个手动分区。自动分区Ubuntu会覆盖整个硬盘，手动分区可以选择安装大小，若计算机还要装其他系统，则选择手动分区。

              ubuntu至少分三个区,  / 、/home 和swap

   我的分区方案如下：

              主分区　　/　　       6000M            根目录，用来存储用户的一些基本配置文件

              逻辑分区   /boot      200M            用于存储系统的引导文件

                             /home    50000M          用来存储用户的程序，文件，文档等等，剩余硬盘的最大空间

                             /usr        5000M           用来存放系统软件的地方，可自定义

               交换空间   swap       2048M          是让内存临时存储文件的专用空间，一般大小为内存的两倍，但不超过2G

               根据安装提示，依次填写安装，不再详述。

第三部分：整理Ubuntu12.04

第一步、    Ubuntu12.04更新源

                  安装完成，首先要做的就是更新源，因为系统自带的是欧洲官方源，速度较慢。

                  在终端输入：sudo  cp  /etc/apt/sources.list  /etc/apt/sources.list_backup

                                       sudo  gedit  /etc/apt/sources.list

                  将其替换为：

 #Ubuntu官方提供的其他软件（第三方闭源软件等）                 

deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu/ precise partner
deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main

#骨头兄亲自搭建并维护的 Ubuntu 源
deb http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse

#163的源，速度很快
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse

#搜狐的源
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse

#以下是教育网接入的服务器

#中国科学技术大学更新服务器
deb http://mirrors6.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirrors6.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirrors6.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirrors6.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirrors6.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors6.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors6.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors6.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors6.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors6.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe

#北京理工大学更新服务器
deb http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

#上海交通大学更新服务器
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe

#厦门大学更新服务器
deb http://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/ubuntu/archive/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/ubuntu/archive/ precise-backports restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/ubuntu/archive/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/ubuntu/archive/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/ubuntu/archive/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/ubuntu/archive/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/ubuntu/archive/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/ubuntu/archive/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/ubuntu/archive/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/ubuntu/archive/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse

还有其他源地址，可参考官网：http://wiki.ubuntu.org.cn/Template:12.04source

保存之后更新，在终端输入:sudo  apt-get  update

第二步、中文输入法

              Ubuntu自带有ibus中文输入法，可在系统设置->语言支持->语言栏里，将键盘输入方式系统设为ibus

              按Ctrl+空格键，则可切换成ibus中文输入法。

              Ubuntu还支持scim、fctix中文输入法，配置方法参见官网：