static {
    // 获取用户目录
    // Will always be non-null
    String userDir = System.getProperty("user.dir");

    // 第一步，从环境变量中获取catalina.home，在没有获取到的时候将执行后面的获取操作
    // Home first
    String home = System.getProperty(Globals.CATALINA_HOME_PROP);
    File homeFile = null;

    if (home != null) {
        File f = new File(home);
        try {
            homeFile = f.getCanonicalFile();
        } catch (IOException ioe) {
            homeFile = f.getAbsoluteFile();
        }
    }

    // 第二步，在第一步没获取的时候，从bootstrap.jar所在目录的上一级目录获取
    if (homeFile == null) {
        // First fall-back. See if current directory is a bin directory
        // in a normal Tomcat install
        File bootstrapJar = new File(userDir, "bootstrap.jar");

        if (bootstrapJar.exists()) {
            File f = new File(userDir, "..");
            try {
                homeFile = f.getCanonicalFile();
            } catch (IOException ioe) {
                homeFile = f.getAbsoluteFile();
            }
        }
    }

    // 第三步，第二步中的bootstrap.jar可能不存在，这时我们直接把user.dir作为我们的home目录
    if (homeFile == null) {
        // Second fall-back. Use current directory
        File f = new File(userDir);
        try {
            homeFile = f.getCanonicalFile();
        } catch (IOException ioe) {
            homeFile = f.getAbsoluteFile();
        }
    }

    // 重新设置catalinaHome属性
    catalinaHomeFile = homeFile;
    System.setProperty(
            Globals.CATALINA_HOME_PROP, catalinaHomeFile.getPath());

    // 接下来获取CATALINA_BASE（从系统变量中获取），若不存在，则将CATALINA_BASE保持和CATALINA_HOME相同
    // Then base
    String base = System.getProperty(Globals.CATALINA_BASE_PROP);
    if (base == null) {
        catalinaBaseFile = catalinaHomeFile;
    } else {
        File baseFile = new File(base);
        try {
            baseFile = baseFile.getCanonicalFile();
        } catch (IOException ioe) {
            baseFile = baseFile.getAbsoluteFile();
        }
        catalinaBaseFile = baseFile;
    }
   // 重新设置catalinaBase属性
    System.setProperty(
            Globals.CATALINA_BASE_PROP, catalinaBaseFile.getPath());
}

public static void main(String args[]) {
    // 第一块，main方法第一次执行的时候，daemon肯定为null，所以直接new了一个Bootstrap对象，然后执行其init()方法
    if (daemon == null) {
        // Don\'t set daemon until init() has completed
        Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
        try {
            bootstrap.init();
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            handleThrowable(t);
            t.printStackTrace();
            return;
        }
        // daemon守护对象设置为bootstrap
        daemon = bootstrap;
    } else {
        // When running as a service the call to stop will be on a new
        // thread so make sure the correct class loader is used to prevent
        // a range of class not found exceptions.
        Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(daemon.catalinaLoader);
    }

    // 第二块，执行守护对象的load方法和start方法
    try {
        String command = "start";
        if (args.length > 0) {
            command = args[args.length - 1];
        }

        if (command.equals("startd")) {
            args[args.length - 1] = "start";
            daemon.load(args);
            daemon.start();
        } else if (command.equals("stopd")) {
            args[args.length - 1] = "stop";
            daemon.stop();
        } else if (command.equals("start")) {
            daemon.setAwait(true);
            daemon.load(args);
            daemon.start();
            if (null == daemon.getServer()) {
                System.exit(1);
            }
        } else if (command.equals("stop")) {
            daemon.stopServer(args);
        } else if (command.equals("configtest")) {
            daemon.load(args);
            if (null == daemon.getServer()) {
                System.exit(1);
            }
            System.exit(0);
        } else {
            log.warn("Bootstrap: command \"" + command + "\" does not exist.");
        }
    } catch (Throwable t) {
        // Unwrap the Exception for clearer error reporting
        if (t instanceof InvocationTargetException &&
                t.getCause() != null) {
            t = t.getCause();
        }
        handleThrowable(t);
        t.printStackTrace();
        System.exit(1);
    }
}

public void init() throws Exception {
    // 非常关键的地方，初始化类加载器s，后面我们会详细具体地分析这个方法
    initClassLoaders();

    // 设置上下文类加载器为catalinaLoader，这个类加载器负责加载Tomcat专用的类
    Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(catalinaLoader);
    // 暂时略过，后面会讲
    SecurityClassLoad.securityClassLoad(catalinaLoader);

    // 使用catalinaLoader加载我们的Catalina类
    // Load our startup class and call its process() method
    if (log.isDebugEnabled())
        log.debug("Loading startup class");
    Class<?> startupClass = catalinaLoader.loadClass("org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina");
    Object startupInstance = startupClass.getConstructor().newInstance();

    // 设置Catalina类的parentClassLoader属性为sharedLoader
    // Set the shared extensions class loader
    if (log.isDebugEnabled())
        log.debug("Setting startup class properties");
    String methodName = "setParentClassLoader";
    Class<?> paramTypes[] = new Class[1];
    paramTypes[0] = Class.forName("java.lang.ClassLoader");
    Object paramValues[] = new Object[1];
    paramValues[0] = sharedLoader;
    Method method =
        startupInstance.getClass().getMethod(methodName, paramTypes);
    method.invoke(startupInstance, paramValues);

    // catalina守护对象为刚才使用catalinaLoader加载类、并初始化出来的Catalina对象
    catalinaDaemon = startupInstance;
}

private void initClassLoaders() {
    try {
        // 创建commonLoader，如果未创建成果的话，则使用应用程序类加载器作为commonLoader
        commonLoader = createClassLoader("common", null);
        if( commonLoader == null ) {
            // no config file, default to this loader - we might be in a \'single\' env.
            commonLoader=this.getClass().getClassLoader();
        }
        // 创建catalinaLoader，父类加载器为commonLoader
        catalinaLoader = createClassLoader("server", commonLoader);
        // 创建sharedLoader，父类加载器为commonLoader
        sharedLoader = createClassLoader("shared", commonLoader);
    } catch (Throwable t) {
        // 如果创建的过程中出现异常了，日志记录完成之后直接系统退出
        handleThrowable(t);
        log.error("Class loader creation threw exception", t);
        System.exit(1);
    }
}

private ClassLoader createClassLoader(String name, ClassLoader parent)
    throws Exception {
    // 获取类加载器待加载的位置，如果为空，则不需要加载特定的位置，使用父类加载返回回去。
    String value = CatalinaProperties.getProperty(name + ".loader");
    if ((value == null) || (value.equals("")))
        return parent;
    // 替换属性变量，比如：${catalina.base}、${catalina.home}
    value = replace(value);

    List<Repository> repositories = new ArrayList<>();

   // 解析属性路径变量为仓库路径数组
    String[] repositoryPaths = getPaths(value);

    // 对每个仓库路径进行repositories设置。我们可以把repositories看成一个个待加载的位置对象，可以是一个classes目录，一个jar文件目录等等
    for (String repository : repositoryPaths) {
        // Check for a JAR URL repository
        try {
            @SuppressWarnings("unused")
            URL url = new URL(repository);
            repositories.add(
                    new Repository(repository, RepositoryType.URL));
            continue;
        } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
            // Ignore
        }

        // Local repository
        if (repository.endsWith("*.jar")) {
            repository = repository.substring
                (0, repository.length() - "*.jar".length());
            repositories.add(
                    new Repository(repository, RepositoryType.GLOB));
        } else if (repository.endsWith(".jar")) {
            repositories.add(
                    new Repository(repository, RepositoryType.JAR));
        } else {
            repositories.add(
                    new Repository(repository, RepositoryType.DIR));
        }
    }
    // 使用类加载器工厂创建一个类加载器
    return ClassLoaderFactory.createClassLoader(repositories, parent);
}

public static ClassLoader createClassLoader(List<Repository> repositories,
                                            final ClassLoader parent)
    throws Exception {

    if (log.isDebugEnabled())
        log.debug("Creating new class loader");

    // Construct the "class path" for this class loader
    Set<URL> set = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    // 遍历repositories，对每个repository进行类型判断，并生成URL，每个URL我们都要校验其有效性，有效的URL我们会放到URL集合中
    if (repositories != null) {
        for (Repository repository : repositories)  {
            if (repository.getType() == RepositoryType.URL) {
                URL url = buildClassLoaderUrl(repository.getLocation());
                if (log.isDebugEnabled())
                    log.debug("  Including URL " + url);
                set.add(url);
            } else if (repository.getType() == RepositoryType.DIR) {
                File directory = new File(repository.getLocation());
                directory = directory.getCanonicalFile();
                if (!validateFile(directory, RepositoryType.DIR)) {
                    continue;
                }
                URL url = buildClassLoaderUrl(directory);
                if (log.isDebugEnabled())
                    log.debug("  Including directory " + url);
                set.add(url);
            } else if (repository.getType() == RepositoryType.JAR) {
                File file=new File(repository.getLocation());
                file = file.getCanonicalFile();
                if (!validateFile(file, RepositoryType.JAR)) {
                    continue;
                }
                URL url = buildClassLoaderUrl(file);
                if (log.isDebugEnabled())
                    log.debug("  Including jar file " + url);
                set.add(url);
            } else if (repository.getType() == RepositoryType.GLOB) {
                File directory=new File(repository.getLocation());
                directory = directory.getCanonicalFile();
                if (!validateFile(directory, RepositoryType.GLOB)) {
                    continue;
                }
                if (log.isDebugEnabled())
                    log.debug("  Including directory glob "
                        + directory.getAbsolutePath());
                String filenames[] = directory.list();
                if (filenames == null) {
                    continue;
                }
                for (int j = 0; j < filenames.length; j++) {
                    String filename = filenames[j].toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
                    if (!filename.endsWith(".jar"))
                        continue;
                    File file = new File(directory, filenames[j]);
                    file = file.getCanonicalFile();
                    if (!validateFile(file, RepositoryType.JAR)) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    if (log.isDebugEnabled())
                        log.debug("    Including glob jar file "
                            + file.getAbsolutePath());
                    URL url = buildClassLoaderUrl(file);
                    set.add(url);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Construct the class loader itself
    final URL[] array = set.toArray(new URL[set.size()]);
    if (log.isDebugEnabled())
        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            log.debug("  location " + i + " is " + array[i]);
        }

    // 从这儿看，最终所有的类加载器都是URLClassLoader的对象~~
    return AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new PrivilegedAction<URLClassLoader>() {
                @Override
                public URLClassLoader run() {
                    if (parent == null)
                        return new URLClassLoader(array);
                    else
                        return new URLClassLoader(array, parent);
                }
            });
}

public static void securityClassLoad(ClassLoader loader) throws Exception {
    securityClassLoad(loader, true);
}

static void securityClassLoad(ClassLoader loader, boolean requireSecurityManager) throws Exception {

    if (requireSecurityManager && System.getSecurityManager() == null) {
        return;
    }

    loadCorePackage(loader);
    loadCoyotePackage(loader);
    loadLoaderPackage(loader);
    loadRealmPackage(loader);
    loadServletsPackage(loader);
    loadSessionPackage(loader);
    loadUtilPackage(loader);
    loadValvesPackage(loader);
    loadJavaxPackage(loader);
    loadConnectorPackage(loader);
    loadTomcatPackage(loader);
}

 private static final void loadCorePackage(ClassLoader loader) throws Exception {
    final String basePackage = "org.apache.catalina.core.";
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "AccessLogAdapter");
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "ApplicationContextFacade$PrivilegedExecuteMethod");
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "ApplicationDispatcher$PrivilegedForward");
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "ApplicationDispatcher$PrivilegedInclude");
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "ApplicationPushBuilder");
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "AsyncContextImpl");
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "AsyncContextImpl$AsyncRunnable");
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "AsyncContextImpl$DebugException");
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "AsyncListenerWrapper");
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "ContainerBase$PrivilegedAddChild");
    loadAnonymousInnerClasses(loader, basePackage + "DefaultInstanceManager");
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "DefaultInstanceManager$AnnotationCacheEntry");
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "DefaultInstanceManager$AnnotationCacheEntryType");
    loader.loadClass(basePackage + "ApplicationHttpRequest$AttributeNamesEnumerator");
}

protected synchronized void startInternal() throws LifecycleException {
    if (getLoader() == null) {
        WebappLoader webappLoader = new WebappLoader(getParentClassLoader());
        webappLoader.setDelegate(getDelegate());
        setLoader(webappLoader);
    }
}